Window Handles

Complete Guide to Window Handles

Learn to identify, measure and fit window handles for uPVC, aluminium and timber windows. Expert UK guide covering espag, cockspur and tilt-turn handle types.

21 min readUpdated 17 Dec 2025
Complete Guide to Window Handles

Key Takeaways

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Learn to identify, measure and fit window handles for uPVC, aluminium and timber windows. Expert UK guide covering espag, cockspur and tilt-turn handle types.

Complete Guide to Window Handles (uPVC, Aluminium and Timber)

Choosing the right window handles is not just a finishing touch: it affects security, weather-tightness, ease of escape in an emergency, day-to-day comfort, and whether your window locks and seals properly. In UK homes and commercial buildings you will most commonly encounter uPVC casement windows with multi-point locks, but aluminium and timber systems use many of the same handle types, fixing patterns, and measurement standards. This definitive guide explains what window handles are called, the different types of window handles, how to identify your existing handle, how to measure for replacement, and how to fit a handle on a window step-by-step. It also covers compatibility questions such as “Are window handles universal for uPVC?” and practical trade advice on snag-free fitting, spindle length, and dealing with worn gearboxes.

You will also find clear opportunities to go deeper via our supporting guides:

  • Espagnolette Handles

  • Inline Window Handles: when you need non-handed handles and how to choose them

  • Window Handle Maintenance: lubrication, cleaning, tightening, and preventing corrosion


  • Quick answer: how do I know which window handle I need?

    In most UK uPVC casement windows, you need an espagnolette (espag) handle. To be confident, check four things:

  • Handle type: espag, cockspur, tilt and turn, or sash (rarely confused once you know what to look for).
  • Fixing centres: the distance between the two screws (often 43 mm on espag handles; cockspur varies).
  • Spindle type and length: usually a 7 mm square spindle on espag handles; common lengths include 15 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm.
  • Handing or inline: is the lever offset left/right (handed) or central (inline).
  • If you measure those correctly, you can buy replacement window handles with confidence.


    Understanding window handles: what they do and why they matter

    How window handles work with modern locks

    Most modern casement windows use a multi-point locking mechanism. When you lift/turn the handle, the spindle drives a gearbox and moves locking points (mushroom cams, rollers, or hooks) around the sash.

    A handle that is slightly wrong can cause:

  • Poor locking engagement (window feels “tight” or will not lock)

  • Dropped handles (sash not aligned; gearbox worn)

  • Draughts and water ingress (compression not achieved)

  • Security risk (lock not properly engaged)
  • Key UK considerations: security and compliance

    In the UK, security and safety expectations commonly include:
  • Key locking handles for accessible windows
  • Child-safety restrictors (separate component) where needed
  • Emergency egress on suitable windows: many casements open fully once unlocked
  • Correct installation to maintain the window’s performance and any manufacturer warranty (where applicable)
  • If you work in the trade, it is good practice to check customer requirements for:

  • Insurance requirements (key-locking on ground floor)

  • Rental compliance expectations (landlord preferences vary)

  • Care settings and schools (restricted openings, robust finishes)


  • What are window handles called? Common UK terms explained

    “Window handles” is the umbrella term. Within that, you will see these names used in the UK hardware market:

  • Espagnolette (espag) handle: the most common uPVC casement handle; uses a 7 mm spindle into a gearbox.
  • Inline espag handle: an espag handle with the lever in line (non-handed).
  • Offset (handed) espag handle: lever offset left or right; improves knuckle clearance on some profiles.
  • Cockspur handle: older uPVC and aluminium casements; uses a spur (nose) that clamps onto a wedge.
  • Tilt and turn handle: used on tilt-before-turn or turn-first systems; multi-position operation.
  • Sash window handle (fastener): used on sliding sash windows, typically timber or heritage uPVC sash.
  • In everyday use, many customers call any casement handle an “espag” even when it is inline, offset, locking, or non-locking. That is normal. The measurements and fixing pattern are what confirm the correct replacement.


    Types of window handles: which is right for uPVC, aluminium, and timber?

    Complete Guide to Window Handles - Types of window handles which is right for upvc aluminium and timber
    Complete Guide to Window Handles - Types of window handles which is right for upvc aluminium and timber

    Espagnolette window handles (most common for uPVC casement)

    Best for: uPVC casement windows (also used on some aluminium and timber casements with espag locks)

    How to recognise:

  • Two visible screws (often top and bottom of the base plate)

  • A 7 mm square spindle projecting from the back of the handle

  • Operates a multi-point lock (you feel resistance as cams move)
  • Typical measurements:

  • Fixing centres: commonly 43 mm (UK standard for espag handles)

  • Spindle: 7 mm square

  • Spindle length: varies (see measuring section)
  • Variants:

  • Key-locking vs non-locking

  • Offset (handed) vs inline (non-handed)

  • Cranked/stacked designs for clearance on deep beads
  • Ready to find the right handle? Browse our Window Handles range.


    Inline window handles (non-handed espag handles)


    Best for: casements where you want one handle that suits left or right opening sashes, or where you want a symmetrical look across a property

    How to recognise:

  • The lever sits in line with the base; not offset left or right

  • Still uses 43 mm fixing centres and 7 mm spindle in most cases
  • Why choose inline:

  • Simplifies stocking for installers: fewer SKUs on the van

  • Consistent appearance on pairs of windows

  • Useful when the customer wants matched handles throughout
  • For more identification tips and pros and cons, see ERA Universal Inline Window Handle.


    Cockspur window handles (common on older uPVC and aluminium)


    Best for: older casements without espag gearboxes

    How to recognise:

  • A “hook” or spur that closes onto a wedge block/striker

  • Often two screws, but fixing centres vary widely

  • No 7 mm spindle driving a gearbox (different mechanism)
  • Key measurements:

  • Step height: the distance from the underside of the handle base to the spur nose that lands on the wedge. This is critical.

  • Fixing centres: not standardised like espag; you must measure.
  • Cockspur handles can be straightforward to replace if you measure step height correctly and match the wedge position.


    Tilt and turn window handles (common on modern aluminium and uPVC)


    Best for: tilt-and-turn systems in flats, high-rise, and contemporary builds

    How to recognise:

  • The handle rotates to multiple positions (typically down = closed, horizontal = turn open, up = tilt)

  • Fixing screws are often concealed under a cover plate

  • Spindle type varies by system; measurement must be exact
  • Tilt and turn replacements are more system-specific than espag. If you are unsure, remove and match carefully or consult the window fabricator.


    Sash window handles and fasteners (timber and heritage)


    Best for: vertical sliding sash windows

    How to recognise:

  • A central fastener that clamps the meeting rails together

  • May be used with sash lifts and restrictors
  • Sash hardware is its own category; measure hole centres and match the existing style for heritage consistency.


    People also ask: definitive answers (UK)

    How do I know which window handle I need?

    Identify the handle type first (espag, inline espag, cockspur, tilt and turn, sash). Then measure:
  • Fixing centres (screw hole distance)
  • Spindle size and length (espag)
  • Step height (cockspur)
  • Handing or inline preference
  • Finally, confirm whether you need locking window handles (keys) and what finish you want (white, black, chrome, satin).

    Can you replace uPVC window handles?

    Yes. Replacing uPVC window handles is usually a simple DIY or trade job:
  • Espag handles are commonly replaced with like-for-like using the same fixing centres.
  • If screw holes are worn, use the correct diameter screws or repair techniques (see fitting section).
  • If the window still will not lock after replacement, the issue may be the gearbox or sash alignment rather than the handle.
  • Are window handles a standard size?

    Some aspects are standardised, others are not:
  • Espag handles: often 43 mm fixing centres and 7 mm square spindle; spindle length varies.
  • Cockspur handles: not standard; step height and centres vary.
  • Tilt and turn: more system-dependent.
  • So, there is a “common standard” for the most popular type (espag), but you should always measure.


    How to measure for a new window handle?


    Measure based on handle type:
  • Espag: fixing centres + spindle length + handed/inline + spindle size (normally 7 mm).

  • Cockspur: step height + fixing centres + wedge position.

  • Tilt and turn: spindle length/type + fixing centres (often behind cover) + brand/system cues.
  • Step-by-step measuring is covered in detail below.


    Are window handles universal for uPVC?


    Not fully. Many uPVC casements use espag handles with 43 mm centres and 7 mm spindle, which feels universal, but there are exceptions:
  • Different spindle lengths required

  • Inline vs offset for clearance

  • Older cockspur systems

  • Tilt and turn systems

  • Some slimline aluminium systems with different geometry
  • Measure first, then buy.


    What is the standard size of handles?


    If you mean the most common specification in UK homes:
  • Espag handle fixing centres: typically 43 mm

  • Spindle: 7 mm square

  • Spindle length: commonly 15 mm to 40 mm depending on profile and lock position
  • There is no single standard spindle length.


    How to fit a handle on a window?


    For espag handles, fitting is usually:
  • Open window, support sash if needed

  • Remove screw cover caps

  • Undo the two fixing screws

  • Pull handle away, withdraw spindle

  • Insert new handle spindle into gearbox

  • Refit screws, check operation, test locking
  • Full step-by-step instructions are provided later with trade tips.


    How do I identify my uPVC window handles?


    Most uPVC windows use:
  • Espag (two screws, spindle present)

  • Cockspur (spur nose clamps onto a wedge, no espag spindle driving a gearbox)

  • Tilt and turn (multi-position operation)
  • Use the visual identification diagrams below, then measure to confirm.


    Visual identification: which window handle do you have?

    Complete Guide to Window Handles - Visual identification which window handle do you have
    Complete Guide to Window Handles - Visual identification which window handle do you have

    Use these quick “diagram descriptions” to match your hardware.

    Diagram 1: Espagnolette (espag) handle (side view)

    Imagine looking at the handle from the side:
  • A flat base plate against the sash
  • A lever that you turn
  • A square metal bar (spindle) sticking out the back, typically 7 mm thick
  • This spindle goes through the sash and into a gearbox.

    If you see a spindle: it is almost certainly an espag (or tilt and turn) style handle. Shop Espag Handles →

    Diagram 2: Cockspur handle (side view)

    From the side:
  • The handle has a beak-like spur that points towards the frame when closed
  • When you shut the window, the spur clamps down onto a small plastic or metal wedge on the frame
  • If you see a spur and a wedge: it is a cockspur. Shop Cockspur Handles →

    Diagram 3: Inline vs offset espag (front view)

    Looking at the handle from the front:
  • Inline: lever sits centrally in line with the base
  • Offset/handed: lever sits slightly to the left or right of centre
  • If you are replacing like-for-like, match what is already fitted unless you have a reason to switch. Shop Inline Handles →


    Measuring window handles: step-by-step (the part that prevents wrong orders)

    Correct measuring is the difference between an easy swap and a frustrating return. Use a tape measure or, ideally, Vernier calipers for accuracy.

    Tools you will need

  • Tape measure (mm) or digital calipers
  • Pozidriv screwdriver (commonly PZ2 in the UK)
  • Torch
  • Pen and paper (or phone photo notes)
  • A small flat screwdriver (to lift screw caps carefully)
  • Measuring espagnolette window handles (uPVC, aluminium and some timber casements)

    Complete Guide to Window Handles - Measuring espagnolette window handles upvc aluminium and some timber casements
    Complete Guide to Window Handles - Measuring espagnolette window handles upvc aluminium and some timber casements

    1) Measure fixing centres (screw hole distance)

    Fixing centres means the distance between the centres of the two fixing screws.

    How to measure:

  • Open the window.

  • Find the two fixing screws on the handle base (often hidden under plastic caps).

  • Measure from the centre of the top screw to the centre of the bottom screw.
  • Common UK size: 43 mm (very common for espag window handles).

    Trade tip: If you cannot access the centre accurately, measure edge-to-edge between screws and add one screw diameter; or remove one screw and measure from its centreline.


    2) Measure spindle length (critical)


    The spindle length is the part of the square bar that projects from the back of the handle into the lock gearbox.

    How to measure:

  • Remove the handle (two screws out).

  • Measure the spindle from the underside of the handle base (where it meets the sash) to the tip of the spindle.

  • Record in millimetres.
  • Common spindle lengths (examples you will regularly see in UK stock):

  • 15 mm: shallow profiles

  • 20 mm

  • 30 mm

  • 35 mm

  • 40 mm: deeper profiles or certain timber/aluminium setups
  • Why it matters:

  • Too short: it may not engage the gearbox properly, causing slipping or failure to lock.

  • Too long: it can bottom out, prevent the handle seating flush, or bind the mechanism.
  • Practical note: Many espag handles are available with selectable spindle lengths; some spindles can be cut down by a competent fitter, but it is better to order correctly.


    3) Confirm spindle size (usually 7 mm square)


    Most espag handles in the UK use a 7 mm square spindle. It is worth confirming if you are working on older or unusual systems.

    How to check:

  • Measure across the flat sides of the square spindle with calipers.

  • If you do not have calipers, compare visually with a known 7 mm spindle.


  • 4) Decide handed vs inline (and why it matters)


    Handed (offset) handles are left or right handed depending on which way the lever points when the window is closed. Inline handles suit either hand.

    How to decide:

  • If the existing handle is inline and clearance is fine, replace with inline.

  • If the existing handle is offset, match the offset unless you are switching for appearance or clearance.
  • Trade tip: On some profiles, offset handles prevent your knuckles hitting the frame or trickle vent when operating the handle.


    5) Check fixing screws and thread bite


    Replacement handles typically use the existing holes. If the sash material is uPVC, repeated changes can strip the plastic.

    Best practice:

  • If screws feel loose: step up slightly in screw gauge (within reason), or use appropriate plastic anchors designed for uPVC.

  • Avoid overtightening: it can crack the handle base or distort the sash face.


  • Measuring cockspur window handles (older uPVC and aluminium)

    Cockspur replacements go wrong when the step height is guessed.

    1) Measure step height

    Step height is the distance from:
  • The underside of the handle base (where it sits on the sash)
  • to
  • The underside of the spur nose (the part that clamps onto the wedge)
  • How to measure:

  • Close the window (or hold the handle in the closed position off the window).

  • Use calipers or a ruler to measure the vertical drop from base underside to spur underside.
  • Common step heights vary; you must measure your existing handle.

    Why it matters:

  • Incorrect step height means the spur will not clamp properly: the window will not pull tight or may not lock at all.


  • 2) Measure fixing centres


    Cockspur fixing centres are not as standardised. Measure the distance between screw centres as with espag.

    If your new handle does not match existing holes, you may need to drill new pilot holes; consider whether the sash face will be left with visible old holes.


    3) Check wedge/striker condition and position


    Sometimes the handle is fine, but the wedge block is worn or mispositioned. If the spur slides off or does not clamp tightly, inspect the wedge:
  • Is it cracked?

  • Has it moved?

  • Is it the correct height?
  • Replacing or repositioning the wedge can restore proper closure.


    Measuring tilt and turn window handles

    Tilt and turn systems vary by manufacturer. Still, these steps help you order correctly:

    1) Identify the fixing method and centres

    Often the screws are hidden:
  • Rotate the handle to a mid-position.
  • Slide or pop off the cover plate to reveal screws.
  • Measure centres.
  • 2) Measure spindle length and type

    Remove the handle and measure spindle length. Also note:
  • spindle profile (square, splined, or specific to system)
  • whether it is a “push-button” lock or key lock (varies)
  • If you are unsure, take clear photos of:

  • Handle front

  • Handle back showing spindle

  • Fixing holes

  • Any brand markings on the metalwork


  • Choosing window handles: key features that affect performance

    Security: locking vs non-locking window handles

    For accessible windows, key-locking window handles are a common upgrade. They help:
  • Deter opportunistic entry
  • Provide child safety (though not a substitute for restrictors)
  • Practical advice:

  • Choose keyed alike sets if you want fewer keys.

  • Keep spare keys accessible but safe; trades often advise a labelled key location for property managers.
  • Finish and corrosion resistance (coastal and commercial environments)

    Common finishes in the UK include white, black, chrome, satin, and anthracite tones. Consider:
  • Coastal areas: prioritise corrosion resistance and regular cleaning.
  • Commercial installs: choose durable finishes that tolerate frequent use and cleaning agents.
  • Ergonomics and clearance

    Offset or cranked designs help with:
  • Deep glazing beads
  • Trickle vents
  • Tight reveals
  • If a customer complains that the handle “scrapes fingers”, it is often the wrong offset or a poorly aligned sash.

    Matching across a property

    Homeowners often want every window handle to match:
  • Same colour and style across uPVC, aluminium, and timber
  • Same locking option (keyed alike)
  • Same orientation (inline for symmetry)
  • For installers, this is where standardising on inline window handles can reduce callbacks and simplify spares.


    How to fit a handle on a window: step-by-step (espag handles)

    This is the most common UK replacement job for window handles.

    What you need

  • New espag handle with correct fixing centres and spindle length
  • PZ2 screwdriver
  • Threadlock (optional, light use only)
  • Silicone spray or appropriate hardware lubricant (for maintenance checks)
  • Step-by-step fitting instructions

  • Open the window fully
  • Work with the sash stable. On upper floors, ensure safe access.
  • Locate and remove screw cover caps
  • Use a small flat screwdriver carefully to avoid marking the handle.
  • Undo the two fixing screws
  • Support the handle as you remove the second screw so it does not drop and scratch the profile.
  • Remove the old handle
  • Pull the handle straight away from the sash. The spindle will slide out of the gearbox.
  • Inspect the gearbox and spindle receiver
  • Shine a torch into the spindle hole: - Look for metal swarf, dirt, or damage - If the old handle was slipping, check for a rounded receiver in the gearbox
  • Check sash alignment quickly
  • If the window has dropped, a new handle will not fix stiff locking. Note any rubbing on the frame.
  • Insert the new handle spindle
  • Keep the handle in the open position and align the spindle with the gearbox. Do not force it.
  • Fit and tighten fixing screws
  • Tighten firmly but do not overtighten. The handle base should sit flat with no rocking.
  • Function test
  • With the window still open: - Rotate the handle and confirm smooth movement - Close the sash and check that locking points engage cleanly - Lock and unlock if it is a key-locking handle
  • Final check: sealing and ease of use
  • A properly fitted handle should allow the sash to pull in evenly without excessive force.

    Troubleshooting after fitting

  • Handle hard to move: likely sash misalignment, friction in the lock, or dry keeps. Consider adjusting hinges, keeps, or servicing the lock.
  • Handle spins or does nothing: spindle not engaged or gearbox is stripped.
  • Window will not lock: locking cams not aligning with keeps; check keep positions and sash drop.
  • For preventative care, browse Tools and Accessories for suitable lubricants and fitting bits.


    How to fit a cockspur handle: step-by-step

  • Open the window and support the sash.
  • Remove existing screws and lift off the handle.
  • Measure and confirm step height against the new handle before fitting.
  • Position the new handle and align screw holes.
  • Fix with screws without overtightening.
  • Close the window and clamp onto the wedge: check the spur clamps firmly and the sash pulls tight.
  • Adjust wedge position if needed: small changes can transform closure.
  • If closure is loose even with correct step height, the wedge may be worn.


    Maintenance: keeping window handles operating smoothly (and avoiding callouts)

    Good maintenance prevents stiff operation, snapped keys, and unnecessary gearbox replacements.

    Cleaning and lubrication basics

  • Wipe handles with a soft cloth and mild soapy water; avoid abrasive pads.
  • For moving parts and lock mechanisms, use a suitable hardware lubricant sparingly.
  • Avoid heavy oils that attract grit, especially on coastal properties.
  • Tightening and inspection schedule

    For homeowners: check annually. For landlords, facilities, and trade maintenance: consider checks at void periods or planned maintenance cycles.

    Look for:

  • Loose handle screws

  • Handle wobble (base plate movement)

  • Stiff operation (early warning of lock wear)

  • Corrosion on fixings
  • For lubricants and fitting bits, see Tools and Accessories.


    Buying window handles with confidence: a practical checklist

    Complete Guide to Window Handles - Buying window handles with confidence a practical checklist
    Complete Guide to Window Handles - Buying window handles with confidence a practical checklist

    Before ordering replacement window handles, confirm:

  • Handle type: espag, inline espag, cockspur, tilt and turn, sash
  • Fixing centres: measure in mm
  • Spindle length (espag/tilt-turn): measure underside of base to spindle tip
  • Spindle size: usually 7 mm square for espag
  • Handing: left, right, or inline
  • Locking option: key-locking needed or not
  • Finish/colour: match existing or plan a full-house swap
  • Quantity: count windows and note any special cases (bathroom, fire egress needs)
  • Condition of the lock: if the handle is not the cause, budget for lock service
  • Trade tip: If you are changing all handles on a property, standardise spindle lengths where possible to reduce mistakes, but do not assume every window uses the same spindle length even within one house.


    Common problems with window handles (and what they usually mean)

    Dropped handle (handle points down and will not lift/lock)

    Often caused by:
  • Worn gearbox
  • Misaligned keeps due to sash drop
  • Excessive resistance from dry locking points
  • A new handle might not fix a dropped handle if the gearbox is worn. Diagnose before replacing multiple handles.

    Stiff operation

    Likely causes:
  • Lock needs lubrication
  • Keep alignment issues
  • Warped timber sash or seasonal movement
  • Debris in the lock
  • Loose handle base

    Usually:
  • Screws backing out
  • Stripped fixing holes in uPVC
  • Fix promptly to avoid enlarging holes and causing the handle to rock and fail.

    Key will not turn (locking handles)

    Possible causes:
  • Load on the lock due to misalignment
  • Dirt in the cylinder
  • Wrong key or worn key
  • Do not force it; relieve sash pressure by pulling the sash into the frame while turning the key.


    uPVC vs aluminium vs timber: what changes when choosing window handles?

    uPVC windows

  • Most common: espag handles with 43 mm centres and 7 mm spindle.
  • Fixings bite into reinforced or non-reinforced sections depending on profile; avoid overtightening.
  • Aluminium windows

  • Often espag or tilt and turn; sometimes cockspur on older systems.
  • Thermal break profiles can affect clearance; measure spindle carefully.
  • Timber windows

  • May use espag locks, especially on modern timber casements.
  • Seasonal movement can cause stiffness; handle choice should prioritise robust operation and comfortable leverage.
  • Across all three, correct measuring remains the foundation.


    To keep this guide definitive while still easy to navigate, these related resources expand on key areas:

  • Espagnolette Handles: detailed identification, spindle options, offset vs inline decisions, and when to suspect gearbox issues.
  • Inline Window Handles: when non-handed handles are the best choice, plus matching advice for whole-property upgrades.
  • Window Handle Maintenance: cleaning, lubrication points, tightening schedules, and diagnosing stiffness versus lock failure.
  • FAQs (additional quick answers)

    What are the different types of handles?

    The main window handle types you will encounter in the UK are:
  • Espagnolette (espag) handles
  • Inline espag handles
  • Cockspur handles
  • Tilt and turn handles
  • Sash fasteners/handles for sliding sash windows
  • What is the standard size of handles?

    For espag window handles, the most common UK fixing centre is 43 mm, and the spindle is typically 7 mm square. Spindle length is not standard and must be measured.

    Are window handles universal for uPVC?

    Many are widely compatible because espag standards are common, but they are not fully universal due to spindle length, handing/clearance, and older cockspur or tilt and turn systems.

    Summary: window handles made simple

    If you remember only a few things from this guide, make them these:

  • Most UK casements use espagnolette window handles with 43 mm fixing centres and a 7 mm square spindle.
  • The most common reason for ordering the wrong window handles is incorrect spindle length measurement.
  • Cockspur handles require accurate step height measurement.
  • A new handle will not fix every problem: stiffness and dropped handles are often lock or alignment issues.
  • Choosing locking options, finishes, and inline vs offset is easier once the measurements are confirmed.
  • Next steps

  • Identify your handle type using the visual descriptions above.
  • Measure fixing centres and spindle length (or step height for cockspur).
  • Decide on locking and finish requirements.
  • If you want deeper selection help, visit: Espagnolette Handles, Inline Window Handles, and Window Handle Maintenance.
  • If you want, tell me what you have (a photo plus your measurements in mm), and I can help you confirm the correct category and the key sizes to order.

    Additionally, for reference, you may search for related products such as replacement window handles for upvc windows, upvc window handle replacement, or window handle replacement when updating multiple windows.

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